EMMANUEL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Edu 02 :Developmental Perspectives of the learner Unit 1 : Foundations of Educational Psychology  Edu 02 Unit 2 Development of the learner Growth and Development Principles of Growth and Development Developmental tasks and Developmental hazards Theories of Development Piagets's Cognitive Development Theory Erikson's Psycho Social Developmental Theory Kohlberg's Moral Developmental theory Noam Chomsky's Language Development Theory Vygotsky's Language Development Theory Developmental Characteristics with special reference to childhood and Adolesence Physical and Motor Development Cognitive Development Language Development Emotional Development Moral and Social Development Role of Teacher in fostering the developments of the learner Geriatrics - Challenges and Care

  Case Study Method A case study is a detailed and intensive study of an individual, group or particular situation over a period of time. It attempts to understand the learner as a whole , rather than studying only one isolated characteristic. In simple form: Individual → Background → Behaviour → Problems → Causes → Intervention → Progress Example A student consistently obtains low marks in mathematics. Instead of simply labelling the student as a “weak learner,” the teacher conducts a case study. The teacher examines: Academic records Classroom observations Interviews with student Discussion with parents Study habits Previous learning experiences Possible causes Remedial programme Follow-up Characteristic Features Intensive and detailed. Focuses on a particular individual or group. Studies the learner in a holistic manner. Uses information from multiple sources. Usually covers a period of time. Useful for understanding unique or complex problems. O...

 Experimental Method The experimental method is a scientific method used to study cause-and-effect relationships by deliberately changing one variable and observing its effect on another under controlled conditions. In simple form: Cause → Effect or Independent Variable → Dependent Variable Example A researcher wants to know: Does activity-based teaching improve achievement in Social Science? Two groups may be formed: Experimental group → Activity-based teaching Control group → Traditional teaching After instruction: Achievement scores → Compared Characteristic Features Systematic and scientific. Involves controlled conditions. Studies cause-and-effect relationships. Uses measurable variables. Usually involves comparison. Results can often be replicated. Data are collected objectively. Important terms Independent Variable: Factor deliberately changed. Dependent Variable: Factor whose change is measured. Control Group: Group receiving the usual or comparison co...

  Observation Method Observation is the systematic study of behaviour by carefully watching, recording and analysing what individuals do in particular situations. In simple words: Observation means studying behaviour by directly watching it under natural or controlled conditions. Example A teacher observes a student during group work and records: Participation → Communication → Cooperation → Leadership → Conflict Characteristic Features It studies observable behaviour . It is systematic and planned. Behaviour is recorded carefully. It can take place in natural classroom settings. It can be conducted continuously or for a specified period. It can be structured or unstructured. Types Naturalistic observation: Behaviour is observed in a natural setting. Controlled observation: Certain conditions are controlled by the observer. Participant observation: The observer participates in the activity. Non-participant observation: The observer watches without participatin...

 Introspection Method Meaning The word introspection means “looking within.” It is a method in which a person observes and reports his or her own conscious mental experiences , such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, emotions and memories. In simple words: Introspection is the systematic examination and reporting of one's own mental experiences. For example, when a student is asked, “How did you feel while answering the examination?” , the student may report: Fear → Anxiety → Concentration → Confidence → Relief The person is observing their own mental state. Historical Significance Introspection has an important place in the early development of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt used trained introspection in his experimental work, and Edward Titchener gave it an important role in Structuralism. It helped psychology move from purely philosophical discussion towards the systematic study of conscious experience. Characteristic Features It is concerned with inner experiences ....

  Methods of Studying Educational Psychology Educational psychology uses different scientific methods to understand the learner, learning process, behaviour, development, individual differences, motivation and classroom interaction . No single method is sufficient to study all aspects of a learner. Therefore, educational psychologists use different methods according to the nature of the problem. The major methods are: Observation → Experimental Method → Interview → Questionnaire → Case Study → Psychological Tests → Survey → Correlation Method Method Main purpose Example Observation Study actual behaviour Classroom participation   Experiment Study cause and effect Teaching method and achievement Interview Understand experiences Exam anxiety Questionnaire Collect written responses Study habits Case St...

  Scientific Method of Studying Behaviour The scientific method of studying behaviour refers to the systematic and objective procedure used by psychologists to observe, measure, analyse and explain human behaviour . Psychology does not depend only on personal opinions or assumptions; it uses scientific methods to understand behaviour and mental processes. In simple words: Scientific method = Systematic observation + Evidence + Analysis + Conclusion It is especially important in educational psychology because teachers need reliable information to understand learning, motivation, intelligence, personality, classroom behaviour and individual differences . Meaning of Scientific Method The scientific method is a planned, systematic, objective and evidence-based process of studying a problem. For example, a teacher observes that some students are not completing their homework. Instead of immediately concluding that they are lazy, the teacher investigates: Observation → Identify p...

  Gestalt School of Psychology Gestalt Psychology is an important school of psychology that developed in Germany in the early 20th century . The word “Gestalt” is a German word meaning “form,” “pattern,” or “whole.” The central idea of Gestalt psychology is: “The whole is different from the sum of its parts.” In simple words, we understand an experience or situation by looking at the whole pattern , rather than only analysing its individual parts. Simple example When we see a triangle , we do not normally perceive three separate lines first. We immediately perceive the complete triangle . Three lines → Whole pattern → Triangle This idea is very important in understanding perception and learning . Historical Background and Origin Gestalt psychology originated in Germany around the beginning of the 20th century . It developed partly as a reaction against the approach of Structuralism , which attempted to break conscious experience into small elements. Gestalt psychologists...