EMMANUEL SOCIAL SCIENCE

  Humanism – School of Psychology Humanism is a psychological perspective that gives primary importance to the whole person, human dignity, freedom, personal choice, emotions, self-development and self-actualisation . Humanistic psychologists believe that a person is not simply controlled by external stimuli or unconscious forces. Every individual has the capacity to make choices, develop their abilities, find meaning and reach their potential . The central idea can be expressed as: “The learner is a whole person with unique needs, feelings, abilities and potential for growth.” Simple example Suppose two students receive the same lesson. One student is highly interested, confident and motivated, while another is anxious and lacks confidence. A humanistic teacher does not look only at their marks or observable behaviour. The teacher considers: Feelings + Needs + Self-confidence + Interests + Relationships + Potential Origin and Historical Background of Humanism Humanistic...

  Cognitivism – School of Psychology Cognitivism is a major school or perspective in psychology that focuses on the internal mental processes involved in learning and behaviour . It emerged partly as a reaction to Behaviourism, which concentrated mainly on observable behaviour. The central question of Cognitivism is: “What happens inside the learner's mind during learning?” In simple terms: Behaviourism → What does the learner do? Cognitivism → What does the learner think and understand? Meaning of Cognitivism Cognitivism is the psychological perspective that studies mental processes such as: Thinking Perception Attention Memory Understanding Reasoning Problem-solving Decision-making Language Information processing Cognitivists consider the learner an active participant in the learning process . Learning is not simply a change in observable behaviour. It involves a change in knowledge, understanding and mental organisation . Simple example A student le...

  Behaviourism – School of Psychology Behaviourism is another major school of psychology that developed in the early 20th century. Unlike Structuralism, which focused on conscious experience , and Functionalism, which focused on the functions of mental processes , Behaviourism focused primarily on observable behaviour . The central idea of Behaviourism is: Psychology should study observable and measurable behaviour rather than unobservable mental experiences. Historical Background Behaviourism developed mainly in the United States in the early 20th century . It emerged partly as a reaction against the use of introspection in Structuralism. Behaviourists argued that consciousness and private mental experiences were difficult to observe and measure scientifically. Therefore, psychology should concentrate on things that can be directly observed, measured and experimentally studied . The most important figure in the beginning of Behaviourism was John B. Watson . John B. Watso...